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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908224/
Pattern of rubber bullet injuries in the lower limbs: A report from Kashmir
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Rubber bullets are rubber or rubber-coated projectiles that are fired from riot guns. They are intended to be a non-lethal alternative to metal projectiles. Rubber bullets were used for the first time in Northern Ireland in 1970.
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2 These bullets were introduced with an idea to reduce injuries and casualties caused by conventional firearms. It is with this in mind that these bullets are considered as a “non-lethal” method of crowd control.
Rubber bullets are blunt-nosed with a muzzle velocity of around 70 m/s and a kinetic energy of nearly 400 J. The transferred kinetic energy depends on the angle and the distance at which the bullet strikes. A few reports of the serious injuries caused by these bullets have been published.3, 4, 5, 6
Most of the reports focus on injuries of relatively vulnerable tissues like the eyes, brain and the lungs while reporting the mortality and morbidity caused by rubber bullets.
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7 It is often recommended that the police should aim at the limbs while using rubber bullets.
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9 However proper rules of engagement are not followed during riot control, converting these non-lethal weapons into lethal weapons.
This report which focuses exclusively on injuries of the extremities highlights the fact that even in the limbs the rubber bullets can cause significant morbidity and therefore they should not be considered a safe method for controlling crowds.